By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. (455) Polycarp was eighty-six years a Christian, and must have been baptized in early youth. II. The Council of Trent and the Councils of Lyons and Florence declare positively that unbaptized infants are confined to this realm., The primary purpose of the Church of Rome in excluding unbaptized infants from heaven is to force parents to commit their children to her as soon as possible the pressure put on members of the Mother Church of Rome parents to see that their children are baptized EARLY is almost UNBELIEVABLE ..a commitment which once she receives she never relinquishes. (P 191). pagan origin of infant baptismdyslipidemia guidelines 2021 pdf. He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life; and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him.. These people were called by various names, but probably could better be summed up by their generic name, Anabaptists, meaning rebaptizers. All-Access Members: See the full article in the BAS Library. SALVATION HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH JOINING A CHURCH: IT IS BY PERSONAL BELIEF IN JESUS CHRIST AS THE ONLY SACRIFICE FOR YOUR SINS. shall say that by the sacraments of the New Law grace is not conferred ex opere operato, but that faith alone in the divine promise is sufficient to obtain grace , As you can see, the doctrine of infant baptism has a long and bloody history, and it has been one of Satans chief weapons to condemn untold millions to, Because of the following declaration, I believe the, Most people who practice infant baptism believe the ceremony has something to do with the, I believe the Word of God is clear regarding the matter of, Just so you know what has been going on since September 2019, read, BIBLICALLY what the three (3) baptisms mean here, http://www.catholicsarenotchristians.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Got-Questions-Catholic-baptism.mp3. Phone: Pastor, Steve Waters, (951) 264-6909, 2023Downey Central Missionary Baptist Church. [28] The Apostolic Tradition, sometimes attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (died 235), describes how to perform the ceremony of baptism; it states that children were baptised first, and if any of them could not answer for themselves, their parents or someone else from their family was to answer for them. History knows numerous signs of behavioral practice changes that can be attributed to pandemics, such as the bubonic plague that devastated medieval Europe in the mid-14th century, upsetting many sectors of civil life, or the pestilence that ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian (mid-sixth century C.E. DOES GOD KICK BABIES OUT OF HEAVEN BECAUSE NO ONE POURED WATER ON THEIR HEADS IN AN ACT OF PAGAN PRACTICE????? "[67][10] Methodists teach that people receive justifying grace, which is integral to salvation, after they repent and personally accept Jesus as Saviour. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus - Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText", "The Epistles of S. Cyprian, with the Council of Carthage, on the Baptism", "Sacrament of Holy Baptism Circumcision", "See "Luther's Large Catechism" subsection "Of Infant Baptism", "God's Preparing, Accepting, and Sustaining Grace", "Does Baptism Replace Circumcision? Posted by ; alice collins trousers; mikaya thurmond instagram . [14][bettersourceneeded], Although it is not required, many parents and godparents choose to dress the baby in a white gown called a christening gown for the baptism ceremony. In 1 Corinthians 1:16, Paul says, I did baptize also the household of Stephanas. Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter 10, Section 3. When we consider the high infant mortality rate, we can see how an emergency practice of administering the salvific baptism to infants eventually became a normal practiceeven more so under the circumstances of a cruel pandemic. because he believed it was wrong to baptize BABIES. We will show that baby baptism is of pagan origin. The Catholic way is heresy and only condemns a person to Hell. On the same ground he advises healthy adults, especially the unmarried, to postpone this sacrament until they shall be no longer in danger of forfeiting forever the grace of baptism by committing adultery, murder, apostasy, or any other of the seven crimes which he calls mortal sins. Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access membership. He then, In JAPAN the name is given to the child when it is a month old, water being at the same time sprinkled upon it., (A)mong the CHINESEto prevent a demon soul taking possession of the childs body in the absence of its own soul, the mother mixes the ash of banana-skin with water, and paints, The heathen TEUTONS had a baptismal rite long before Christian influences had reached them. Marcus Aurelius restored temples and shrines, summoned priests, and called for every form of prayer to calm the divine anger that he believed was at the origin of the plague. Intriguingly, not only is the link between the plague and infant baptism missing, but also any type of generic mention of the plague in the writings of contemporary Christian authors. Finally, the women" (, "The sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest in infant Baptism" (. Constantine sat among the fathers at the great Council of Nicaea, and gave legal effect to its decrees, and yet put off his baptism to his deathbed. Even then it is NOT necessary to do so. For, aside from some not very clear expressions of Clement of Alexandria, Origen distinctly derives it from the tradition of the apostles; and through his journeys in the East and West he was well acquainted with the practice of the church in his time. A priest immersed the child in water, at the same time, (W)ith the HINDUS, ritual ablutions were used to remove the guilt of sins when these were, Among the TIBETAN AND MONGOLIAN BUDDHISTS the ceremony takes place from three to ten days after birth. Infant baptism[1][2] (or paedobaptism) is the practice of baptising infants or young children. Once has to go back to Genesis 10 and 11 where we read of Noahs Great grandson, NIMROD, and his wife SEMIRAMUS, who started the great pagan BABYLON MYSTERY RELIGION at the Tower of Babel. Thus the term, ANABAPTISTSwhich meant RE-BAPTIZERS! So you see, Baptists got the their name at this time, and the issue that started the name Baptists and separated them was this issue of Baby Baptism!!!! THE HOLY INQUISITION RESULTED FROM THIS ISSUE OF BABY BAPTISM For 33 years, he served as pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. In the healthiest churches, we find a holy conspiracy between pastors who gladly care for the sheep, and sheep who do what they can so that the pastors might serve joyfully. But their silence proves nothing; for they hardly touch upon baptism at all, except Hermas, and he declares it necessary to salvation, even for the patriarchs in Hades (therefore, as we may well infer, for children also). arbor park school district 145 salary schedule; Tags . It is believed by some Christians that in the heart of a baptized child, faith as a gift or grace from God, as distinct from an act by the person, is made present. The issue of baptism is one that has troubled Protestants for centuries. What does the BIBLE say about SALVATION? . See Lit. and Theol. The exact details of the baptismal ceremony vary among Christian denominations. Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter 28, Section 1. There was also the concept that baptism washed away all pre-baptismal sins. V. Opp. What does the Bible say about infant baptism / paedobaptism? INSTRUCTION ON INFANT BAPTISM - Vatican.va In other words, at the turn of the third century it is not taken for granted, as it is two hundred years later when St. Augustine addresses the matter. pagan origin of infant baptism. Notice these quotations: Q: IF INFANT BAPTISM IS NOT TAUGHT IN THE BIBLE.WHERE DID IT COME FROM? Infant baptism is also called christening by some faith traditions. He quotes historian J.M. As we have said so many times, we believe all babies and children below the age of accountability are protected by the Lord respecting their eternal soul. Christ is not ONE way of salvation; He is the ONLY WAY salvation. [75], Infant baptism can be contrasted with what is called "believer's baptism" (or credobaptism, from the Latin word credo meaning "I believe"), which is the religious practice of baptising only individuals who personally confess faith in Jesus, therefore excluding underage children. Infant Baptism. buoni spesa comune di venezia We pray for this child: set him (her) free from original sin, make him (her) a temple of your glory, and send your Holy Spirit to dwell with him (her). For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life., JOHN 3:18. lake baikal shipwrecks / mazda cx 5 vehicle system malfunction reset / pagan origin of infant baptism. [109][110], Teachings of Christian denominations practicing infant baptism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Church of the East, Presbyterian, Congregational and Reformed Churches, Contrasts between infant and adult baptism, Denominations and religious groups opposed to infant baptism, "the Didache, the earliest surviving 'pastoral manual' of the Christian church" (, "Before the baptism let the baptizer fast, and the baptized, and whoever else can; but you shall order the baptized to fast one or two days before" (, Walker, W. (1919). See BIBLICALLY what the three (3) baptisms mean here. There is not one example in the Bible of one single baby being baptized. [21] The earliest reference to infant baptism was by Irenaeus (c. 130202) in his work Against Heresies. INFANT BABTISM IS NOT IN THE BIBLE, and the Catholic Church admits it in their writings. Sign up to receive our email newsletter and never miss an update. Writing for the Spring 2021 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Franceso Arduini proposes in his article "The Pandemic Origins of Child Baptism" to connect the emergence of infant baptism with the ground-shaking experience of the Antonine Plague.The so-called Antonine Plague, which was probably smallpox, devastated large swaths of the Roman Empire in the late 160s. Apologists had to face a sort of theological disorientation: how to justify this divine punishment. Is it possible that this disorientation resulted in the puzzling silence of literary sources? c. Tryph. How Old Is Infant Baptism? | Desiring God The first essential sacrament Semiramis taught was Baptism by water. Believers and the children of believers become members of God's covenant community (or church) through baptism. Those who believe are not condemned; they have everlasting life (whatever church they may belong to). This desire would be strengthened in cases of sickness by the prevailing notion of the necessity of baptism for salvation. For why is it necessary if [baptism itself] is not necessary that the sponsors should be thrust into danger? M.: Dial. A believer seeks baptism because the irreversible change has already occurred in his heart. . Billions of people have personally tested this phenomenon during the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. [100][99], In Eastern Christianity, including the Eastern Catholic Churches, the sacrament of Confirmation is conferred immediately after baptism, and there is no renewal of baptismal promises. The General Council of Trent, Seventh Session (1547) Canons on the Sacraments in General: (a) If anyone, shall say that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ, or that there are more or fewer than seven, namely baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, extreme unction, orders, and matrimony, or that any one of these seven is not truly and intrinsically a sacrament anathema sit., (b) If anyone shall say that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary for salvation but are superfluous, and that without them or without the desire of them men obtain from God through faith alone the grace of justification, though all are not necessary for every individual anathema sit., (c) If anyone. https://www.catholicsarenotchristians.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Got-Questions-Are-you-Catholic-why-should-I-consider-become-a-Christian.mp3, Click In this mysterious Babylonian Religious System, Nimrod and Semiramis, along with their priests, were the only ones who understood The great mysteries of God and since it was the only true religion all others were false therefore, only the Babylonian Priests could forgive and absolve sinsand administer salvation. These pagans had no standard of morality as you and I have. The apostolic fathers make, indeed, no mention of it. [63] Although some deny the possibility of infant faith, the Bible clearly teaches that babies can believe. [72], Presbyterian, Congregational and many Reformed Christians see infant baptism as the New Testament form of circumcision in the Jewish covenant. Yet from these texts, Joachim Jeremias, who wrote one of the most influential books in defense of infant baptism, concluded, It is characteristic that Luke could report the matter thus. A History of the Christian Church. In other words, babies of believers are counted as believers, not unbelievers. Mortality was so high it was not unusual to see caravans of fully loaded chariots carrying dead bodies from cities. It includes infants, women, men, and teenagers, even though none of these groups is specifically named. This verse is not teaching, however, that little infants, just born, are come to Christ by being baptized by a priest! He was born in Carthage, studied in Rome for a legal career, and was converted to Christianity in about 195. [40], The Church has no dogmatic official teaching regarding the fate of infants who die without baptism, and theologians of the Church hold various views (in particular, many have asserted that they go to Limbo). The problem with this scenario is that the connection between the beginnings of infant baptism and the Antonine Plague is purely hypothetical, because no literary source explicitly expresses it. Consequently, from the earliest days, they were sharply persecuted and leaders were soon executed. Lutherans practice infant baptism because they believe that God mandates it through the instruction of Jesus Christ, "Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit",[51] in which Jesus does not set any age limit: The command is general. We present documentation here to show that INFANT BAPTISM WAS WIDESPREAD AMONGST THE PAGAN (NON-CHRISTIAN) RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD, LONG BEFORE THE ROMANISTS BEGAN PRACTICING IT. Catholics Lutherans Methodists Episcopalians Presbyterians Eastern Orthodox. It is not found in the Bible. 1. This video shows Infant baptism in the Bible and history, along with the reasons why Catholics baptize infants and baptize babies. The Catholic practices of. But we must wait another 20 years to find a clear statement on the baptism of children, put in writing by the prolific author Tertullian, in c. 200 C.E. [citation needed], Scholars disagree on the date when infant baptism was first practiced. In it, Tertullian questions the wisdom of giving baptism to infants. 239-267. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. average weight of chicken liver Projetos; morton college baseball coach Blog; john madejski academy staff list Quem somos; dla piper dubai internship Contato; you have read the first three acts of twelfth night. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. It comes directly from the historic pages of Ancient Babylon. [64][52], In the Methodist Churches, baptism is a sacrament of initiation into the visible Church. In these state churches, pastors and leaders christen babies which means they make them Christians by baptizing them; thus the that has been christened as a baby believes he is on his way to heaven simply because he was christened (or baptized) in infancy. 463sq., especially WALL. The Origins of Infant Baptism Child Believers' Baptism? pagan origin of infant baptism - yoursakhi.com Can a priest propose an alternative celebration in the case where baptism is to be delayed? Baptism is a "seal of eternal life" according to Irenaeus in that it a visible sign of the God who confers eternal life onto believers: And for this reason the baptism of our regeneration proceeds through these three points: God the Father bestowing on us regeneration through His Son by the Holy Spirit. ), even forcing the Goths and the Byzantines to suspend the war fought on the Apennine Peninsula. Leo III issued, another edict in-A.D. 723 demanding the forcible baptism of the Jews and Montanists (anabaptists). esempio relazione stage scienze motorie pegaso; casa in vendita brindisi commenda indipendente; dove trasmettono la dinamo sassari in tv. ORIG. Godparent | Definition, History, & Role | Britannica [55] In any case, there is no mention of infants in any of these three instances of household baptisms, and it is an argument from silence to say that there must have been small children. INFANT BAPTISM COMES TO THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. [57] Because it is faith alone that receives these divine gifts, Lutherans confess that baptism "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this, as the words and promises of God declare". Immediately, Bible Believing Christians reject the idea of baptizing babies and Baptismal regeneration the teaching that baptism is essential to salvation; or, if you want to turn it around, that water baptism saves the soul (or at least is a part of a persons salvation). THIS IS ALSO TRUE OF THE PRACTICE OF BAPTIZING BABIES. here to go to the Prayer Warrior Sign Up Page, Demonic Catholic News Alert December 21st 2022, Demonic Catholic News Alert August11th 2022, Nasty Nancy Pelosi To Be Denied Holy Communion, Protester Interrupts The False Prophet: Masks are NOT of the Church of God, False Prophet Is Already Doing the Bidding of the Anti-Christ, So Much for Celibacy: A Satanic Lair of Fudge Packing Priests Slithers Out in Germany, This is Catholicism: The Polish Diocese has No Shame, The Downfall of Catholicism in Latin America, One of Lucifers Ambassadors Says Catholics Can Support a Womans Right to Kill Her Unborn Child, The False Prophet Is at It Once Again Leading Ignorant Sheep to the Slaughter with Mary Worship, Pope Francis: Lucifer is god of the Catholic Church, The Vatican, The Illuminati and their Alien Controllers, George Floyd Depicted as Black Jesus at a Catholic University. However, it was the constitution of the Rhode Island Colony founded by Roger Williams, John Clark, and others that established religious liberty by law for the first time in thirteen hundred years (over the world). The rite used would be the same as that denomination's rite for adults, i.e., by pouring holy water (affusion) or by sprinkling water (aspersion). COPYRIGHT 2023 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY 5614 Connecticut Ave NW #343, Washington DC 20015-2604, The Antonine Plague and the Spread of Christianity. For no less cause must the unwedded also be deferredin whom the ground of temptation is prepared, alike in such as never were wedded by means of their maturity, and in the widowed by means of their freedomuntil they either marry, or else be more fully strengthened for continence" (, "The children shall be baptised first. Haer. Christer Bruun, La mancanza di prove di un effetto catastrofico della peste antonina (dal 166 d.C. in poi), in E. Lo Cascio, ed., LImpatto della Peste Antonina (Bari: Edipuglia, 2012), p. 133. a. Sarah K. Yeomans, Classical Corner: Pandemics in Perspective, BAR, Fall 2020. b. Sarah K. Yeomans, Classical Corner: The Antonine Plague and the Spread of Christianity, BAR, March/April 2017. As the church conquered the pagan world we see infant baptism as arising as a universal practice. ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA (1990): "Among the GREEKS AND ROMANS the newborn child was bathed and named, and recognized by the father as his own." Hence many other Christians saw the Anabaptists as subversive of all order. Their marriage rites were not on the basis ours are. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, or someone else from their family. With the oil the priest puts the occult mark of Tammuz on the childs head by marking a T with the oil. (460) It was in a measure the same view of the almost magical effect of the baptismal water, and of its absolute necessity to salvation, which led Cyprian to hasten, and Tertullian to postpone the holy ordinance; one looking more at the beneficent effect of the sacrament in regard to past sins, the other at the danger of sins to come. The headman of the family or village sprinkles water upon it, gives it a name, and blesses it., Similar rites are found all over the MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, as the following instances will show. Once the emergency of the epidemic was over, in 180 C.E., Irenaeus and other Christian theologians developed a theology of infant baptism and spread the teaching in the following 20 years, so much so that Tertullian, at the dawn of the third century, speaks of it as a commonly accepted practice. . The wisdom we need in this world often wears black. "[35] It declares: "The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. The Pandemic Origins of Child Baptism - Biblical Archaeology Society As a seal, also, or confirming sign, baptism answers to circumcision. Baptism scene on a third-century C.E. He says this is how the Mother Church of Rome come to own Czechoslovakia, Mexico, etc. It is my purpose in this article to set forth my reasons for saying, as I often have said, that. "Jesus Revolution" Film & the Sacrament of Baptism a Known as the Antonine Plague, it probably was the first appearance of smallpox in the Mediterranean and Europe. Only in French-speaking countries has there been a development of ceremonies, quite distinct from the sacrament of Confirmation, for young Catholics to profess their faith publicly, in line with their age. Traditionally, Yazidi children are baptised at birth with water from the Kaniya Sip ('White Spring') at Lalish. It depends upon the religious training environment a child is raised in too. The majority pagan population considered the epidemic a sign of the gods disfavor, putting the blame on Christians. PAGAN BAPTISM IN THE WEST. 380-381, 398). Jesus did say in Matthew 19:14, But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven.. God is Exposing and Purging the Whore Of Babylon! Does Archaeology Confirm Josephs Time in Egypt. pagan origin of infant baptismjj auto sales. These people ignored infant baptism and rebaptized those who had been saved through personal faith. Those who believe not on the Son are condemned already, and they shall not see life, but the wrath of God abides on them. (459) Whoever considers the solemnity of baptism, will shrink more from the receiving, than from the postponement of it. Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved., JOHN 3:16. Through Christ our Lord. The mother could not even name the child if it was kept, the pagan priest did that. pagan origin of infant baptismland for sale near atascosa refuge cameron county, tx. . The Priest first must exorcise evil spirits from the infant by anointing the babys head with OIL. pagan origin of infant baptism - voxu.group A: BAPTIZING BABIES WAS A PRACTICE OF PAGAN RELIGIONS! Sometime during 165 C.E., under Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180), the Roman Empire was struck by the first documented devastating outbreak of an infectious disease. In SUMATRA, at the name-giving ceremony, the child is carried to the nearest running water by the men: there the father dips it and gives it a name., With the negritoes of the PHILIPPINES the mouth of the newborn child is filled with salt; after this the women hasten with it to the nearest brook, in which they bathe it. As stated earlier, little children who die in infancy are covered by the Blood of Christ and will go to heaven. "The Church entrusts these infants to the mercy of God. pagan origin of infant baptism. B.R. Were on a mission to change that. Nowhere in the BIBLE (or the Apocrypha) does anyone ever immerse babies or pour or sprinkle water on a babys head at any time for any reason! . (Adversus haereses 2.22.4). The settlement was made in 1638, and the colony was legally established in 1663. One specific example is found in the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus (late 2nd to early 3rd c.). On INFANT BAPTISM comp. According to the Catholic Church, baptism is necessary for salvation (CATHOLIC ALMANAC, 1985, p. 231). Thus it was that Rhode Island, founded by a small group of believers, was the first spot on earth where religious liberty became the law of the land. NOWHERE in the Bible is there scripture that supports the pagan practice of Infant baptism. He says, According to everyones condition and disposition, and also his age, the delaying of baptism is more profitable, especially in the case of little children. You and I know, we live now in times where we have the right to freedom of conscience, freedom of belief, freedom of opinion, freedom of religion and freedom to change religion. For by so doing he gives expression to the fact that the solidarity of the family in baptism and not the individual decision of the single member was the decisive consideration (Infant Baptism in the First Four Centuries, 23, quoting Oscar Cullman, Baptism in the New Testament). Devils Disciple Bernard Law: Key figure in Cover up of Pedophile Priests DEAD! The practice of the rite generated heated debate in the 1950s and 1960s concerning the legitimacy of administering baptism to children and infants. At the moment of baptism, the minister utters the words "I baptise you (or, 'The servant of God (name) is baptised') in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (see Matthew 28:19). (PDF) An Evaluation of Infant Baptism - ResearchGate [107], In Yazidism, children are baptised at birth and circumcision is not required, but is practised by some due to regional customs. : Adv. "For He came to save all through means of Himselfall, I say, who through Him are born again to Godinfants, and children, and boys, and youths, and old men. pagan origin of infant baptism - signatureholidays-myanmar.com Some believe that 1st-century Christians did not practice it, noting the lack of any explicit evidence of infant baptism. Many, of course, will ask, What does the above have to do with us today? A lot! Epiphany | Definition, Holiday, Origin, & Observances | Britannica "The Most Holy Trinity gives the baptised sanctifying grace, the grace of justification: "The Church received from the apostles the tradition of giving baptism even to infants" (Commentaries on Romans 5:9, quoted, for instance, in. The practice of baptism in pagan religions seems to have been based on a belief in the purifying properties of water. (BAPTIST STORY, p109), The author continued to tell about those anabaptists who had HOT WAX poured into their EARSor those who had their tongues Now Since the Babylonian Priest was the only one who could administer these sacraments, the person was bound to the Babylonian system helplessly for life! However, smallpox tends to cause a high mortality among children, and Christians certainly were not exempt. How does pouring or sprinkling illustrate the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ? If today the tone of the debate has somewhat dampened, it is due more to a certain fatigue than to a consensus. One anabaptist pastor was taken, his body CUT open, and ears of corn stuffed inside, and hungry dogs not fed for 4 days turned loose to devour the mans entrails and corn inside. The Antonine Plague was the first devastating demographic catastrophe that struck the church. THERE is no more widely spread custom common to Pagan religions and to Christianity than that of baptism;-that is, the sprinkling or pouring water upon a child accompanied by giving it a name personal to itself, and different from the family name of the stock into which it was born. We present documentation here to show that INFANT "BAPTISM" WAS WIDESPREAD AMONGST THE PAGAN (NON-CHRISTIAN) RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD, LONG BEFORE THE ROMANISTS BEGAN PRACTICING IT.

Who Should I Give The Fake Key To Bdo, New Politics Band Allegations, Body By Victoria Perfume Dupe, Meyer Trousers Stockists Australia, What Happened To Faith Community Church, Articles P