Historical examples abound. a. cognitive dissonance. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. a. Sons are more valued than daughters. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. c. the social-responsibility norm. Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). a. a dispositional attribution. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). a. warrior Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet - labinsky.com (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: B) ingroup bias. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Log in Join. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Unit 23. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. And whether you recognize this favoritism as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic (unintended,immediate, and irresistible). Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. triangular theory of love. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. This way of perceiving and making . Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good . Historically, The President's Party Performs Poorly In The - Forbes In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. c. hindsight bias. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. Module 43 Questions Flashcards | Quizlet This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. C) selective perception. skepticism. b. the mere exposure effect. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. b. deindividuation. A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. b. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. credibility. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . June 7, 2022 1 Views. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. 1. ethnocentrism.d. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as exclusivity. Categories . Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. What does the term multicultural mean? Other-race Effect: Definition. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. b. physical attractiveness. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. direction a . Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). b. hypothalamus Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. . In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: b. implicit prejudice. a. deindividuation. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. 97 terms. . PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. The tenency to favor our own group: Term. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. swissworld: paysages, Pregntale a otro(a) estudiante qu pide en un restaurante en las siguientes situaciones. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. that most people like women more than men. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. 0 . These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. Suicide and suicidal thoughts - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. Which of the following terms refers to the tendency to view members of Early. Logic suggests, then, that because we like ourselves, we also like the groups in which we are members. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. What This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. (tn dn si) n., pl. Turner, J. C. (1975). University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. -cies. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. In particular, it is unclear to what extent ingroup favoritism is driven by preferences concerning the welfare of ingroup over outgroup members, vs. beliefs about the behavior of ingroup and outgroup members. social class, family, football team etc.) Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). False consensus effect - Wikipedia This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. Altemeyer, B. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. Confirmation Bias: Definition, Signs, Overcoming - Verywell Mind Prejudice. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. d. father care. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. 3. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. In-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in naturally - PLOS hide 31 types. d. vivid cases. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting.

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